COVID-19 Prevention - Non-Emergency Regulation

  • GENERAL INDUSTRY SAFETY ORDERS,
    New Sections 3205, 3205.1, 3205.2, and 3205.3
Status
Public hearing: Sep. 15, 2022
45-day comment period: Jul. 29, 2022 - Sep. 15, 2022
15-day Notice comment period: Oct. 14, 2022 - Oct. 31, 2022
Filed with Secretary of State: Feb. 3, 2023
Effective date: Feb. 3, 2023

Rulemaking Documents

  1. American Textile Mfrs. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan, 452 U.S. 490 (1981). 452 U.S. 490. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/452/490/
  2. Baisheng Li, et al. Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Nat Communications. January 24, 2022;13(1):460. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28089-y.pdf
  3. Bokemper SE, Cucciniello M, Rotesi T, et al. Experimental evidence that changing beliefs about mask efficacy and social norms increase mask wearing for COVID-19 risk reduction: Results from the United States and Italy. PLoS One. 2021; 16(10): e0258282. Published online 2021 Oct 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258282
  4. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). How COVID-19 is reflected in the SOII data. Updated March 18, 2022. Accessed on April 29, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/iif/how-covid-19-is-reflected-in-the-soii-data.htm
  5. BLS. Median age of the labor force, by sex, race, and ethnicity. Updated September 8, 2021. Accessed on April 28, 2022. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/median-age-labor-force.htm
  6. Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board (OSHSB). Petition 583 submitted by Worksafe and the Labor & Employment Committee of the National Lawyers Guild. https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/petition-583.pdf
  7. California Health and Human Services (CHHS). COVID-19 Cases Deaths Tests Data Dictionary, updated March 20, 2021; accessed February 10, 2022. https://data.chhs.ca.gov/dataset/f333528b-4d38-4814-bebb-12db1f10f535/resource/e6667716-5ec6-499f-aeab-0e085020135a/download/covid-19_cases_deaths_tests_data_dictionary.xlsx
  8. Cal/OSHA. Advisory Committee Meeting. COVID-19 Prevention, September 23, 2021. Agenda, https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DoshReg/covid-19-emergency-standards/Agenda-2021-Sept-23.pdf; Committee Roster, https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DoshReg/covid-19-emergency-standards/Meeting-Roster-Sept-23-2021.pdf and video recording.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Agriculture Workers and Employers, updated November 6, 2020. Accessed on April 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106163831/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-agricultural-workers.html
  10. CDC. CDC Newsroom Release: CDC calls on Americans to wear masks to prevent COVID-19 spread, dated July 14, 2020. Accessed on June 7, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0714-americans-to-wear-masks.html
  11. CDC. COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings, Updated April 7, 2021. Accessed on May 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220520054559/www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/office-buildings.html
  12. CDC. COVID-19 Guidance for Shared or Congregate Housing, updated August 22, 2020. Accessed on April 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106144800/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/shared-congregate-house/guidance-shared-congregate-housing.html
  13. CDC; COVID-19 Guidance for Shared or Congregate Housing, Updated December 31, 2020. Accessed on April 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210425045916/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/shared-congregate-house/guidance-shared-congregate-housing.html.
  14. CDC. Science Brief: Evidence Used to Update the List of Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19, updated February 15, 2022. Accessed on April 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/evidence-table.html.
  15. CDC; Ending Isolation and Precautions for People with COVID-19: Interim Guidance, Updated January 14, 2022. Accessed on May 13, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html
  16. CDC. Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know, updated March 29, 2022. Accessed on April 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html
  17. CDC. Post-COVID Conditions, Updated September 16, 2021. Accessed 4-21-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20220421223423/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html
  18. CDC. Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. Updated May 7, 2021. Accessed April 23, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/sars-cov-2-transmission.html
  19. CDC. Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Predominance — COVID-NET, 14 States, January–August 2021 | MMWR (cdc.gov). Posted online October 22, 2021. Accessed on April 28, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7043e1.htm#T1_down
  20. CDC. Ventilation in Buildings, Updated June 2, 2021. Accessed on May 24, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/ventilation.html
  21. California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Tracking COVID-19 in California. “Today’s Update,” updated April 19, 2022. Accessed April 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220420212321/https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/
  22. CDPH. Tracking Variants, dated February 3, 2022. Accessed on February 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220207170746/https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/COVID-Variants.aspx
  23. CDPH. Guidance for the Use of Face Masks, updated April 20, 2022. Accessed on May 20, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
  24. Department of Industrial Relations (DIR). Standardized Regulatory Impact Assessment (SRIA) of the Proposed California Regulation for COVID-19 Prevention in the Workplace. April 2022. https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Economics/Documents/COVID-19-Prevention-SRIA-FINAL-05-2022-AF.pdf
  25. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19). Accessed on November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121415/https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/ventilation-and-coronavirus-covid-19
  26. Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Federal OSHA). Additional Considerations for Workers Who Reside in Communal Living Arrangements. Accessed on November 6, 2020. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/workers-in-shared-housing.html
  27. Federal OSHA. OSHA ALERT COVID-19 Guidance on Ventilation in the Workplace. Accessed on November 6, 2020. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA4103.pdf
  28. Fisman DN and Tuite AR. Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. CMAJ. October 25, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8562985/pdf/193e1619.pdf
  29. Gavin Newsom, Governor of California. Executive Order N-23-21. December 16, 2021. https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/12.16.21-ETS-Readoption-and-Shareholder-Meeting-EO.pdf
  30. United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Valuing COVID-19 Mortality and Morbidity Risk Reductions. July 2021. https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2021-08/valuing-covid-risks-july-2021.pdf
  31. Iuliano AD, Brunkard JM, Boehmer TK, et al. Trends in Disease Severity and Health Care Utilization During the Early Omicron Variant Period Compared with Previous SARS-CoV-2 High Transmission Periods — United States, December 2020–January 2022. Posted online January 25, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:146–152. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e4.htm?s_cid=mm7104e4_w
  32. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (5), 6339–6347. Published on April 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03252
  33. Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Law BF, Beezhold DH, Noti JD. Efficacy of face masks, neck gaiters and face shields for reducing the expulsion of simulated cough-generated aerosols. Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, October 7, 2020. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.20207241v1.full.pdf.
  34. Lyngse FP, Kirkeby CT, Denwood M, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC subvariants BA.1 and BA.2: Evidence from Danish Households. medRxiv 2022.01.28.22270044. Posted January 30, 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044v1.full.pdf
  35. Menni C, et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet 2022:399:1618-24. Published April 7, 2021. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2900327-0
  36. Miao D, Zhang N. Human Close Contact Behavior-Based Interventions for COVID-19 Transmission. Buildings. 2022; 12(3):365. Published March 16, 2022. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/3/365
  37. Nowotny KM, Seide K, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States. BMC Public Health 21, 1036 (2021). https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12889-021-11077-0.pdf
  38. Federal OSHA. Analytic Spreadsheets in Support of the COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS, October 2021. https://www.regulations.gov/document/OSHA-2021-0007-0486
  39. Ohsfeldt RL, et al. Inpatient Hospital Costs for COVID-19 Patients in the United States. Advances in therapy 38.11 (2021): 5557-5595. Published online October 5, 2021. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12325-021-01887-4.pdf.
  40. OSHSB. COVID-19 Prevention Subcommittee meetings. June 21, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaJun212021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptjun212021.pdf); July 13, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaJul132021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptJul132021.pdf); July 20, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaJul202021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptJul202021.pdf); August 13, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaAug132021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptAug132021.pdf); August 27, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaAug272021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptAug272021.pdf); September 9, 2021 (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/agendaSep092021.pdf; Transcript https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/transcriptSep92021.pdf).
  41. OSHSB. Petition 583 Adopted Decision. September 17, 2020. https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/petition-583-adopteddecision.pdf
  42. State of California. Help for agricultural workers; Housing for the Harvest; updated March 22, 2022. Accessed on April 20, 2022. https://covid19.ca.gov/housing-for-agricultural-workers/
  43. State of California. Vaccination data as of April 22, 2022. Accessed on April 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220425133847/https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccination-progress-data/
  44. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Adams K, et al. Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity. JAMA. 2021;326(20):2043–2054. November 4, 2021. Accessed on April 21, 2022. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.19499. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2786039
  45. The Californian. COVID-19 rips through California motel rooms of guest workers who pick nation’s produce, updated August 26, 2020. Accessed on November 6, 2020. https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2020/08/17/california-motel-guest-farm-workers-coronavirus-case-outbreak/5475182002/
  46. VC Star. Farmworker housing coronavirus outbreak: 188 test positive for COVID-19, updated July 4, 2020. Accessed on November 6, 2020. https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/2020/07/03/oxnard-california-farmworker-housing-covid-19-coronavirus-outbreak/5368774002/
  47. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020; 324(8):782–793. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839. July 10, 2020. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
  48. Zangmeister, CD, et al. Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Nano 14.7 (2020): 9188-9200. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.0c05025
  49. Elliott P, et al. Rapid increase in Omicron infections in England during December 2021: REACT-1 study. Science 2022; 375 (6587): 1406-1411. Published February 8, 2022. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn8347
  50. Ito K, Piantham C, & Nishiura H. Relative instantaneous reproduction number of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant with respect to the Delta variant in Denmark. J Med Virol. 2022:94:2265 – 2268. doi:10.1002/jmv.27560 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9015237/pdf/JMV-94-2265.pdf
  51. Ma Q, Liu J, Liu Q, Kang L, Liu R, Jing W, et al. Global Percentage of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among the Tested Population and Individuals With Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open 2021; 4(12): e2137257. Published December 14, 2021. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2787098
  52. McCann A. Safest States During COVID-19. WalletHub, Published May 12, 2022. https://wallethub.com/edu/safest-states-during-covid/86567
  53. Sah P, et al. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118 (34): e2109229118. Published August 10, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8403749/pdf/pnas.202109229.pdf
  54. Wang B, et al. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection by age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv 2022.05.05.22274697. Posted May 5, 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.22274697v1.full.pdf
  55. Whitaker M, et al. Variant-specific symptoms of COVID-19 among 1,542,510 people in England medRxiv 2022.05.21.22275368. Posted May 23, 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.22275368v1.full.pdf
  56. Ulloa AC, Buchan SA, Daneman N, & Brown KA. Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Severity in Ontario, Canada. JAMA 2022; 327(13): 1286–1288. Published February 17, 2022. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2789408
  57. California Employment Development Department (EDD) Labor Market Information Division. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). 2021 Q2. https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/firmsize/CA-2021-Qtr2-FirmSize-ADA.pdf
  58. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. National Income and Product Accounts, Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product. https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&1921=survey&1903=13#reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&1921=survey&1903=13
  59. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates – California. May 2021. Accessed on April 6, 2022 at https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm
  60. California Department of Finance (DOF). Economic Forecasts, U.S. and California. Prepared by the Economic Research Unit in April 2022. Accessed on June 3, 2022 at https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/economics/economic-forecasts-u-s-and-california/
  61. Federal OSHA. COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard. Published in the Federal Register November 5, 2021. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-11-05/pdf/2021-23643.pdf
  62. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. White Paper on Ventilation for Industrial Settings during the COVID-19 Pandemic. August 2020. Originally accessed at: https://aiha-assets.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/AIHA/resources/White-Papers/ACGIH_IV_WhitePaper.pdf
  63. American Industrial Hygiene Association; Reducing the Risk of COVID-19 Using Engineering Controls. August 28, 2020. https://aiha-assets.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/AIHA/resources/Guidance-Documents/Reducing-the-Risk-of-COVID-19-using-Engineering-Controls-Guidance-Document.pdf
  64. Andrejko KL, et al. Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:212–216. DOI. February 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7106e1
  65. Arons MM, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2081-2090. May 28, 2020. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2008457?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article
  66. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; ASHRAE Position Document on Infectious Aerosols. April 14, 2020. https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/about/position%20documents/pd_infectiousaerosols_2020.pdf
  67. Bae SH, Shin H, Koo H-Y, Lee SW, Yang JM, Yon DK. Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Evacuation Flight. Emerg Infect Dis. November 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.203353
  68. Booth TF, Kournikakis B, Bastien N, et al. Detection of Airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and Environmental Contamination in SARS Outbreak Units. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(9):1472-1477. doi:10.1086/429634. Published May 1, 2005. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7202477/
  69. Bourouiba L. Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020; 323(18):1837–1838. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756. March 26, 2020. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763852
  70. Cal/OSHA. Advisory Committee Meetings, COVID-19 Prevention, February 11, 12 & 16, 2021. (Agenda https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DoshReg/covid-19-emergency-standards/Agenda-2021-Feb-11,12,16.pdf, Committee Roster https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DoshReg/covid-19-emergency-standards/Advisory-Committee-Roster-Feb-11-12-16-2021.pdf, and video recording).
  71. California Department of Finance (DOF). Finance Bulletin September 2020, available at: https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Economics/Documents/Sep-20.pdf
  72. CDC. Agriculture Workers and Employers, Interim Guidance from CDC and the U.S. Department of Labor, Updated February 2, 2021. Accessed on April 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210425032626/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-agricultural-workers.html
  73. CDC. Choosing Safer Activities, Updated April 27, 2021. Accessed on April 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427173556/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/participate-in-activities.html
  74. CDC. COVID-19 Guidance for Shared or Congregate Housing, Updated December 31, 2020. Accessed on April 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210425045916/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/shared-congregate-house/guidance-shared-congregate-housing.html
  75. CDPH. COVID-19 Outbreak Data (January 1, 2021 – May 31, 2022) and its key COVID-19 Outbreaks Data Dictionary. Updated June 3, 2022. Accessed June 8, 2022. https://data.chhs.ca.gov/dataset/covid-19-outbreak-data
  76. CDPH. Guidance for the Use of Masks, California, USA; slides presented to the members of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by Tomás J. Aragón, MD, DrPH, State Public Health Officer and Director, California Department of Public Health; June 9, 2021. https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/CDPH-Presentation-Slides.pdf
  77. CDPH. Interim Guidance for Ventilation, Filtration, and Air Quality in Indoor Environments, Updated October 7, 2021. Accessed on June 8, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Interim-Guidance-for-Ventilation-Filtration-and-Air-Quality-in-Indoor-Environments.aspx
  78. CDPH. letter from Tomas Aragon, MD, DrPH, Director and State Health Officer, CDPH, to OSHSB members; sent on June 7, 2021. https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/CDPH-Letter.pdf
  79. D. Jeff Burton. Air Handling in the Era of Corona Virus: Roles Ventilation Can Play in the Control of COVID-19 Transmission in Non-Medical-Care Facilities. May 13, 2020. https://absa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/200505_Air-Handling-in-the-Era-of-Corona-Virus_-Roles-Ventilation-Can-Play.pdf
  80. Cal/OSHA. Evaluation of Petition 583; July 30, 2020. https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/petition-583-dosheval.pdf
  81. Furukawa NW, Brooks JT, Sobel J. Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. July 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.201595
  82. Gavin Newsom, Governor of California. Proclamation of a State of Emergency; March 4, 2020. https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3.4.20-Coronavirus-SOE-Proclamation.pdf
  83. Guenther T, Czech-Sioli M, Indenbirken D, Robitailles A, Tenhaken P, Exner M, Ottinger M, Fischer N, Grundhoff A, Brinkmann M. Investigation of a superspreading event preceding the largest meat processing plant-related SARS-Coronavirus 2 outbreak in Germany (July 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654517
  84. Guo Z, Wang Z, Zhang S, et al. Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(7):1583-1591. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200885. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0885_article
  85. Health Impact Partners. California Local Health Department Actions for Worker Health and Safety During COVID-19 (April 2021). Accessed on November 5, 2021. https://humanimpact.org/hipprojects/california-local-health-department-actions-for-worker-health-and-safety-during-covid-19/
  86. Hiroshi Nishiura, Hitoshi Oshitani, Tetsuro Kobayashi, Tomoya Saito, Tomimasa Sunagawa, Tamano Matsui, Takaji Wakita. MHLW COVID-19 Response Team, Motoi Suzuki. Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Posted April 16, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029272
  87. Kim YI, Kim SG, Kim SM, Kim EH, Park SJ, Yu KM, Chang JH, Kim EJ, Lee S, Casel MAB, Um J, Song MS, Jeong HW, Lai VD, Kim Y, Chin BS, Park JS, Chung KH, Foo SS, Poo H, Mo IP, Lee OJ, Webby RJ, Jung JU, Choi YK. Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets. Cell Host Microbe. 2020 May 13;27(5):704-709.e2. 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.023. Epub April 6, 2020. PMID: 32259477; PMCID: PMC7144857. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32259477/
  88. Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO). COVID-19 and the Labor Market: Who are California’s Frontline and Remote Workers? December 8, 2020. https://lao.ca.gov/LAOEconTax/article/Detail/593. (pp. 7-8 of full report)
  89. Lidia Morawska, Donald K Milton, It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 71, Issue 9, 1 November 2020, Pages 2311–2313, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa939
  90. Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y, et al. Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. 582, 557–560 (2020). Published April 27, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3
  91. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (NCDHHS). The effectiveness of face masks to prevent SARS CoV-2 transmission: A summary of the peer-review science. Accessed on May 20, 2021. https://covid19.ncdhhs.gov/media/674/download
  92. Azimi P, Keshavarz Z, Laurent JGC, Stephens BR, Allen JG. Mechanistic Transmission Modeling of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Demonstrates the Importance of Aerosol Transmission. BMJ. July 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20153049
  93. Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, Wang Y, Molina MJ. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 2020, 117 (26) 14857-14863. https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2009637117
  94. Setti L, Passarini F, De Gennaro G, et al. Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2932. April 23, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215485/pdf/ijerph-17-02932.pdf
  95. Shen Y, Li C, Dong H, et al. Community Outbreak Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Bus Riders in Eastern China. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 1, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770172
  96. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 — Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. ePub: April 1, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e1
  97. World Health Organization; What we know about Long-term effects of COVID-19. September 9, 2020. Originally accessed at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/update-36-long-term-effects-of-covid-19
  98. Chen Y-H, Glymour M, Riley A, Balmes J, Duchowny K, Harrison R, Matthay E, Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2021). Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18-65 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through November 2020. PLoS One. June 4, 2021; 16(6); accessed November 5, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086762/
  1. Heinzerling A, Nguyen A, Frederick M, et al. Workplaces Most Affected by COVID-19 Outbreaks in California, January 2020-August 2021. American Journal of Public Health. Published online August 2022; 112(8):1180–1190. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306862
  2. Free H, Luckhaupt SE, Billock RM, et al. Reported Exposures Among In-Person Workers with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in 6 States, September 2020-June 2021. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Published online June 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac486
  3. Hawkins D. “Tell Me, Who's That They're Letting Down?”: COVID-19 and the Working Class. American Journal of Public Health. Published online August 2022; 112(8):1081-1083.https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306928
  4. State of California. Tracking COVID-19 in California. Update for September 29, 2022. Accessed on September 30, 2022. https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/
  5. State of California. Tracking COVID-19 in California. Updated for September 22, 2022. Accessed on September 28, 2022. https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Monthly Update. August 25, 2022. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccine-effectiveness
  7. Al-Aly Z, Bowe B and Xie Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine, July 2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01840-0
  8. State of California. Vaccines. Updated September 7, 2022. https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccines/
  9. United States Department of Labor and Office of Disability Employment Policy. Access to Paid Leave for Family and Medical Reasons Among Workers With Disabilities. December 2021. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ODEP/pdf/Access-To-Paid-Leave-For-Family-And-Medical-Reasons-Among-People-With-Disabilities.pdf
  10. Glynn SJ. The Rising Cost of Inaction on Work-Family Policies. Center for American Progress. January 21, 2020. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/rising-cost-inaction-work-family-policies/
  11. California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Guidance for the Use of Face Masks. September 20, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/guidance-for-face-coverings.aspx
  12. CDPH. Shifting Public Health Case Investigation, Contact Tracing, and Outbreak Investigation Priorities. March 7, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Case-Investigation-Contact-Tracing-Outbreak-Investigation-Priorities.aspx
  13. CDPH. Guidance for Local Health Jurisdictions on Isolation and Quarantine of the General Public. June 9, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Guidance-on-Isolation-and-Quarantine-for-COVID-19-Contact-Tracing.aspx
  14. CDPH. Updated Testing Guidance. September 15, 2022. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/Updated-COVID-19-Testing-Guidance.aspx
  15. Wagner J, Sparks TL, Miller S, et al. Modeling the impacts of physical distancing and other exposure determinants on aerosol transmission. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Published online September 13, 2021, Pages 495-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2021.1963445

 

Contact the OSHSB Public Records Officer to request any Documents Relied Upon.

February 2023