(1) This section sets forth requirements to protect employees from the hazards
associated with steel erection activities involved in the construction, alteration,
and/or repair of single and multi-story buildings, bridges, and other structures
where steel erection occurs. The requirements of this section apply to employers
engaged in steel erection unless otherwise specified.
Exception: This section does not cover electrical transmission towers, communication
and broadcast towers, or tanks. NOTE:Additional requirements for work on steel
framed structures are contained in Article 20, Section 1635(b) of these orders.
(2) Steel erection activities include hoisting, connecting, welding, bolting,
and rigging structural steel, steel joists and metal buildings; installing metal
deck, siding systems, miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron and similar materials;
and moving from point-to-point to perform these activities.
(3) The duties
of controlling contractors under this section include the duties specified in
(c)(1) & (3), (f)(2)(B), (j)(2) and (o) of this section.
(4) Effective
date for the design component requirements of this section. This section contains
a number of provisions that address the safety of certain structural components
referred to as "component requirements." The design component requirements
contained in subsections, (e)(1)(A), (f)(1), (g)(4), (g)(5), (g)(6), (h)(1)(A)1.,
(h)(1)(G)1., (i)(2), and (i)(5) will not apply to the project if the project was
permitted, or steel erection commenced prior to the effective date of May 1, 2002.
(b) Definitions.
"Anchored bridging" means that the steel
joist bridging is connected to a bridging terminus point.
"Bolted
diagonal bridging" means diagonal bridging that is bolted to a steel joist
or joists.
"Bridging clip" means a device that is attached
to the steel joist to allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
"Bridging terminus point" means a wall, a beam, tandem joists (with
all bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the plane of the top chord) or
other element at an end or intermediate point(s) of a line of bridging that provides
an anchor point for the steel joist bridging.
"Cold forming"
means the process of using press brakes, rolls, or other methods to shape steel
into desired cross sections at room temperature.
"Column" means
a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal framing system.
Columns do not include posts.
"Connector" means an employee
who, working with hoisting equipment, is placing and connecting beams or other
structural members.
"Constructibility" means the ability to
erect structural steel members in accordance with Section 1710 without having
to alter the over-all structural design.
"Construction load"
(for joist erection) means any load other than the weight of the employee(s),
the joists and the bridging bundle.
"Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ)"
means an area established specifically for the initial placement and securing
of metal decking where access to the area is restricted and work may take place
without the use of a personal fall protection system when the provisions of Section
1710(n) are met.
"Controlled load lowering" means lowering
a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to
be lowered with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of
the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist drive
motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
"Controlling
contractor" means a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager
or any other legal entity which has the overall responsibility for the construction
of the project - its planning, quality and completion.
"Critical
lift" (used in Appendix C to Section 1710) means a lift that exceeds 75 percent
of the rated capacity of the crane or derrick, or requires the use of more than
one crane or derrick.
"Derrick floor" (working floor) means
an elevated floor of a building or structure that has been designated to receive
hoisted pieces of steel prior to final placement.
"Double connection"
means an attachment method where the connection point is intended for two pieces
of steel which share common bolts on either side of a central piece.
"Double connection seat" means a structural attachment that, during
the installation of a double connection, supports the first member while the second
member is connected.
"Erection bridging"
means the bolted diagonal bridging that is required to be installed prior to releasing
the hoisting cables from the steel joists.
"Girt" (in systems-engineered
metal buildings) means a "Z" or "C" shaped member formed from
sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting wall material.
"Metal decking" means a commercially manufactured, structural grade,
cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel ribs; for this section,
this includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs, other metal
roof systems and other products such as bar gratings, checker plate, expanded
metal panels, and similar products. After installation and proper fastening, these
decking materials serve a combination of functions including, but not limited
to: a structural element designed in combination with the structure to resist,
distribute and transfer loads, stiffen the structure and provide a diaphragm action;
a walking/working surface; a form for concrete slabs; a support for roofing systems;
and a finished floor or roof.
"Multiple lift rigging" means
rigging manufactured by rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up
to five independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.
"Permanent
floor" means a structurally completed floor at any level or elevation (including
slab on grade).
"Post" means a structural member with a longitudinal
axis that is essentially vertical, that weighs 300 pounds or less and is axially
loaded (a load presses down on the top end), or is not axially loaded, but is
laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair landings,
wall framing, mezzanines and other substructures.
"Project structural
engineer of record" means the registered, California licensed engineer responsible
for the design of structural steel framing and whose seal appears on the structural
contract documents.
"Purlin" (in systems-engineered metal buildings)
means a "Z" or "C" shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning
between primary framing and supporting roof material.
"Safety deck
attachment" means an initial attachment that is used to secure an initially
placed sheet of decking to keep proper alignment and bearing with structural support
members.
"Shear connector" means headed steel studs, steel
bars, steel lugs, and similar devices which are attached to a structural member
for the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.
"Steel
erection" means the construction, alteration or repair of steel buildings,
bridges and other structures, including the installation of metal decking and
all planking used during the process of erection.
"Steel joist"
means an open web, secondary load-carrying member of 144 feet (43.9 m) or less,
designed by the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs. This does
not include structural steel trusses or cold-formed joists.
"Steel
joist girder" means an open web, primary load-carrying member, designed by
the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include
structural steel trusses.
"Steel truss" means an open web member
designed of structural steel components by the project structural engineer of
record. For the purposes of this section, a steel truss is considered equivalent
to a solid web structural member.
"Structural steel" means
a steel member, or a member made of a substitute material. These members include,
but are not limited to, steel joists, joist girders, purlins, columns, beams,
trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and all bridging, and cold formed
metal framing which is integrated with the structural steel framing of a building.
"Systems-engineered metal building" means a metal, field-assembled
building system consisting of framing, roof and wall coverings. Typically, many
of these components are cold-formed shapes. These individual parts are fabricated
in one or more manufacturing facilities and shipped to the job site for assembly
into the final structure. The engineering design of the system is normally the
responsibility of the systems-engineered metal building manufacturer.
"Tank" means a container for holding gases, liquids or solids.
(c) Site layout and construction sequence.
(1) Approval to begin steel
erection. Before authorizing the commencement of steel erection, the controlling
contractor shall ensure that the steel erector is provided with the following
written notifications:
(A) The concrete in the footings, piers and walls
and the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an
approved test method of field-cured samples (i.e. appropriate ASTM standard test
method), either 75 percent of the intended minimum compressive design strength
or sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(B) Any repairs, replacements and modifications to the anchor bolts were
conducted in accordance with Section 1710(f)(2).
(2) Commencement of
steel erection. A steel erection contractor shall not erect steel unless it has
received written notification that the concrete in the footings, piers and walls
or the mortar in the masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an
approved test method of field-cured samples (i.e., appropriate ASTM standard test
method), either 75 percent of the intended minimum compressive design strength
or sufficient strength to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(3) Site layout. The controlling contractor shall ensure that the following
is provided and maintained:
(A) Adequate access roads into and through
the site for the safe delivery and movement of derricks, cranes, trucks, other
necessary equipment, and the material to be erected and means and methods for
pedestrian and vehicular control.
Exception: This requirement does not
apply to roads outside of the construction site.This requirement does not apply
to roads outside of the construction site.This requirement does not apply to roads
outside of the construction site.
(B) A firm, properly graded, drained
area, adequately compacted to support the intended loads, readily accessible to
the work with adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the safe operation
of the erector's equipment.
(4) Pre-planning of overhead hoisting operations.
All hoisting operations in steel erection shall be pre-planned to ensure that
the requirements of Section 1710(d)(1) are met.
(5) Site-specific erection
plan. Where employers elect, due to conditions specific to the site, to develop
alternate means and methods that provide employee protection in accordance with
Sections 1710(d)(9), 1710(h)(1)(C) or 1710(h)(5)(D), a site-specific erection
plan shall be developed by a qualified person and be available at the work site.
Guidelines for establishing a site-specific erection plan are contained in Appendix
C of this section.
(d) Hoisting and rigging.
(1) Working under
loads.
(A) Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-planned to ensure
that no employee is working below a suspended load except as necessary for:
1. Connectors making the initial connection of the steel; or
2.
Riggers when hooking or unhooking of the load.
(B) When working under
suspended loads, the following criteria shall be met:
1. Materials being
hoisted shall be rigged to prevent unintentional displacement;
2. Hooks
with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent shall be used to prevent
components from slipping out of the hook; and
3. All loads shall be rigged
by a qualified rigger.
(2) Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure.
(A) A multiple lift shall only be performed if the following criteria are met:
1. A multiple lift rigging assembly is used;
2. A maximum of five
members are hoisted per lift;
3. Rigging procedures shall prevent hazardous
contact between the structural steel members being hoisted and adjacent structures
or workers;
4. Only beams and similar structural members are lifted;
5. All employees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained in these
procedures in accordance with Section 1710(q)(3)(A); and
6. No crane
is permitted to be used for a multiple lift where such use is contrary to the
manufacturer's specifications and limitations.
(B) Components of the
multiple lift rigging assembly shall be specifically designed and assembled to
support the maximum capacity for the total assembly and for each individual attachment
point. This capacity, certified by the manufacturer, shall be based on the manufacturer's
specifications with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all components.
(C) The
total load shall not exceed:
1. 75 percent of the rated capacity of the
hoisting equipment specified in the hoisting equipment load charts;
2.
The rigging capacity specified by the manufacturer.
(D) The multiple
lift rigging assembly shall be rigged with members:
1. Attached at their
center of gravity and maintained reasonably level;
2. Rigged from top
down; and
3. Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) apart.
(E) The members
on the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be set from the bottom up.
(F) Controlled load lowering shall be used whenever the load is over the connectors.
(3) Whenever there is any doubt as to safety, the crane or derrick operator
shall have the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until safety has been
assured.
(4) Metal decking bundles shall be landed on framing members
so that enough support is provided to allow the bundles to be unbanded without
dislodging the bundles from the supports.
(5) Temporary loads placed
on a derrick floor shall be distributed over the underlying support members so
as to prevent local overloading of the deck material.
(6) Bundle packaging and strapping shall not be used for hoisting unless
specifically designed for that purpose.
(7) If loose items such as dunnage,
flashing, or other materials are placed on the top of metal decking bundles to
be hoisted, such items shall be secured to the bundles.
(8) Cranes or
derricks may be used to hoist employees on a personnel platform when work under
this section is being conducted, provided the provisions of General Industry Safety
Orders, Section 5004 [except for subsection (c)] are met.
(9) Safety
latches on hooks shall not be deactivated or made inoperable except:
(A) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins
and single joists can be performed more safely by doing so; and
(B) When
the steel erector develops and implements a site-specific erection plan that ensures
the load will not travel over or expose employees in other trades to the hazards
of suspended loads. NOTE:Other applicable regulations pertaining to hoisting and
rigging operations for the use of cranes and derricks in steel erection construction
are contained in the General Industry Safety Orders, Group 13, Cranes and Other
Hoisting Equipment.
(e) Walking/working surfaces.
(1) Shear
connectors and other similar devices.
(A) Tripping hazards. Shear connectors
(such as headed steel studs, steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed
anchors or threaded studs shall not be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists
or beam attachments so that they project vertically from or horizontally across
the top flange of the member until after the metal decking, or other walking/working
surface, has been installed.
(B) Installation of shear connectors on
composite floors, roofs and bridge decks. When shear connectors are used in construction
of composite floors, roofs and bridge decks, employees shall lay out and install
the shear connectors after the metal decking has been installed, using the metal
decking as a working platform.
NOTE: Section 1710(n)(8) prohibits the
installation of shear connectors within a controlled decking zone.
(f)
Column anchorage.
(1) General requirements for erection stability.
(A) All columns shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods (anchor bolts).
Exception: When columns are braced or guyed to provide the stability to support
an eccentric load as specified in subsection (f)(1)(B) of this section.
(B) Each column anchor rod (anchor bolt) assembly, including the column-to-base
plate weld and the column foundation, shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric
gravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46m) from the extreme
outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(C) Columns shall be set on level finished floors, pre-grouted leveling plates,
leveling nuts, or shim packs which are adequate to transfer the construction loads.
(D) All columns shall be evaluated by a competent person to determine whether
guying or bracing is needed; if guying or bracing is needed, it shall be installed.
(2) Repair, replacement or field modification of anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(A) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not be repaired, replaced or field-modified
without the approval of the project structural engineer of record. NOTE:Minor
adjustment of anchor rods (anchor bolts) that do not affect the structural integrity
of anchor rods (anchor bolts) are not considered "repairs" for the purposes
of this subsection.
(B) Prior to the erection of a column, the controlling
contractor shall provide written notification to the steel erector if there has
been any repair, replacement or modification of the anchor rods (anchor bolts)
of that column.
(g) Beams and columns.
(1) During the final
placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be released from the
hoisting line until the members are secured with at least two bolts per connection,
of the same size and strength as shown in the erection drawings, drawn up wrench-tight
or the equivalent as specified by the project structural engineer of record, except
as specified in subsection (g)(3) of this section.
(2) A competent person
shall determine if more than two bolts are necessary to ensure the stability of
cantilevered members; if additional bolts are needed, they shall be installed.
(3) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing
shall be secured by at least one bolt per connection drawn up wrench-tight or
the equivalent as specified by the project structural engineer of record.
(4) Double connections at columns and/or at beam webs over a column.
(A) When two structural members on opposite sides of a column web, or a beam
web over a column, are connected sharing common connection holes, at least one
bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the first member unless
a shop-attached or field-attached seat or equivalent connection device is supplied
with the member to secure the first member and prevent the column from being displaced
(See Appendix B of this section for examples of equivalent connection devices).
(B) If a seat or equivalent device is used, the seat (or device) shall be
designed to support the load during the double connection process. It shall be
adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting member and the first member before
the nuts on the shared bolts are removed to make the double connection.
(5) Column splices. Each column splice shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric
gravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18 inches (.46 m) from the extreme
outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(6) Perimeter columns. Perimeter columns shall not be erected unless:
(A) The perimeter columns extend a minimum of 48 inches (1.2 m) above the
finished floor to permit installation of perimeter safety cables prior to erection
of the next tier, except where constructibility does not allow.
(B) The
perimeter columns have holes or other devices in or attached to perimeter columns
at 42-45 inches (107-114 cm) above the finished floor and the midpoint between
the finished floor and the top cable to permit installation of perimeter safety
cables (wire rope) required by subsection (l)(3) of this section, except where
constructibility does not allow.
(h) Open web steel joists.
(1) General.
(A) Except as provided in subsection (h)(1)(B) of this section,
where steel joists are used and columns are not framed in at least two directions
with solid web structural steel members, a steel joist shall be field-bolted at
the column to provide lateral stability to the column during erection. For the
installation of this joist:
1. A vertical stabilizer plate shall be provided
on each column for steel joists. The plate shall be a minimum of 6 inch by 6 inch
(152 mm by 152 mm) and shall extend at least 3 inches (76 mm) below the bottom
chord of the joist with a 13/16 inch (21 mm) hole to provide an attachment point
for guying or plumbing cables.
2. The bottom chords of steel joists at
columns shall be stabilized to prevent rotation during erection.
3. Hoisting
cables shall not be released until the seat at each end of the steel joist is
field-bolted, and each end of the bottom chord is restrained by the column stabilizer
plate.
(B) Where constructibility does not allow a steel joist to be
installed at the column:
1. An alternate means of stabilizing joists
shall be installed on both sides near the column and shall:
a. Provide
stability equivalent to subsection (h)(1)(A) of this section;
b. be designed
by a qualified person;
c. be shop installed; and
d. be included
in the erection drawings.
2. Hoisting cables shall not be released until
the seat at each end of the steel joist is field-bolted and the joist is stabilized.
(C) Where steel joists at or near columns span more than 60 feet (18.3 m),
the joists shall be set in tandem with all bridging installed unless an alternative
method of erection, which provides equivalent stability to the steel joist, is
designed by a qualified person and is included in the site-specific erection plan.
(D) A steel joist or steel joist girder shall not be placed on any support
structure unless such structure is stabilized.
(E) When steel joist(s)
are landed on a structure, they shall be secured to prevent unintentional displacement
prior to installation.
(F) No modification that affects the strength
of a steel joist or steel joist girder shall be made without the approval of the
project structural engineer of record.
(G) Field-bolted joists.
1. Except for steel joists that have been pre-assembled into panels, connections
of individual steel joists to steel structures in bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) or
more shall be fabricated to allow for field bolting during erection.
2. These connections shall be field-bolted unless constructibility does not allow.
(H) Steel joists and steel joist girders shall not be used as anchorage points
for a fall arrest system unless written approval to do so is obtained from a qualified
person.
(I) A bridging terminus point shall be established before bridging
is installed. (See Appendix A of this section.)
(2) Attachment of steel
joists and steel joist girders.
(A) Each end of "K" series
steel joists shall be attached to the support structure with a minimum of two
1/8-inch (3 mm) fillet welds 1 inch (25 mm) long or with two 1/2-inch (13 mm)
bolts, or the equivalent.
(B) Each end of "LH" and "DLH"
series steel joists and steel joist girders shall be attached to the support structure
with a minimum of two 1/4-inch (6 mm) fillet welds 2 inches (51 mm) long, or with
two 3/4-inch (19 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(C) Except as provided
in subsection (h)(2)(D) of this section, each steel joist shall be attached to
the support structure, at least at one end on both sides of the seat, immediately
upon placement in the final erection position and before additional joists are
placed.
(D) Panels that have been pre-assembled from steel joists with
bridging shall be attached to the structure at each corner before the hoisting
cables are released.
(3) Erection of steel joists.
(A) Both
sides of the seat of one end of each steel joist that requires bridging under
Tables A and B shall be attached to the support structure before hoisting cables
are released.
(B) For joists over 60 feet, both ends of the joist shall
be attached as specified in subsection (h)(2) of this section and the provisions
of subsection (h)(4) of this section met before the hoisting cables are released.
(C) On steel joists that do not require erection bridging under Tables A
and B, only one employee shall be allowed on the joist until all bridging is installed
and anchored.
(D) Employees shall not be allowed on steel joists where
the span of the steel joist is equal to or greater than the span shown in Tables
A and B except in accordance with subsection (h)(4) of this section.
(E) When permanent bridging terminus points cannot be used during erection, additional
temporary bridging terminus points are required to provide stability. (See Appendix
A of this section.)
Joist ......................................... Span - Feet
18LH02......................................... 33-0. 18LH03......................................... NM.
18LH04......................................... NM. 18LH05......................................... NM.
18LH06......................................... NM. 18LH07......................................... NM.
18LH08......................................... NM. 18LH09......................................... NM.
20LH02......................................... 33-0. 20LH03......................................... 38-0.
20LH04......................................... NM. 20LH05......................................... NM.
20LH06......................................... NM. 20LH07......................................... NM.
20LH08......................................... NM. 20LH09......................................... NM.
20LH10......................................... NM.
24LH03......................................... 35-0. 24LH04......................................... 39-0.
24LH05......................................... 40-0. 24LH06......................................... 45-0.
24LH07......................................... NM. 24LH08......................................... NM.
24LH09......................................... NM. 24LH10......................................... NM.
24LH11......................................... NM. 28LH05......................................... 42-0.
28LH06......................................... 46-0. 28LH07......................................... 54-0
28LH08......................................... 54-0 28LH09......................................... NM.
28LH10......................................... NM. 28LH11......................................... NM.
28LH12......................................... NM. 28LH13......................................... NM.
32LH06......................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
32LH07......................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
32LH08......................................... 55-0 through 60-0.
32LH09......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH10......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH11......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH12......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH13......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH14......................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH15......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH07......................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
36LH08......................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
36LH09......................................... 57-0 through 60-0.
36LH10......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH11......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH12......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH13......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH14......................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH15......................................... NM through 60-0.
NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory.
(4) Erection bridging.
(A) Where the span of the steel joist is equal
to or greater than the span shown in Tables A and B, the following shall apply:
1. A row of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the
midspan of the steel joist;
2. Hoisting cables shall not be released
until this bolted diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
3. No more than one employee shall be allowed on these spans until all other
bridging is installed and anchored.
(B) Where the span of the steel joist
is over 60 feet (18.3 m) through 100 feet (30.5 m), the following shall apply:
1. All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
2. Two
rows of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed near the third points
of the steel joist;
3. Hoisting cables shall not be released until this
bolted diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
4. No
more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans until all other bridging
is installed and anchored.
(C) Where the span of the steel joist is over
100 feet (30.5 m) through 144 feet (43.9 m), the following shall apply:
1. All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
2. Hoisting
cables shall not be released until all bridging is installed and anchored; and
3. No more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans until all bridging
is installed and anchored.
(D) For steel members spanning over 144 feet
(43.9 m), the erection methods used shall be in accordance with subsection (g)
of this section.
(E) Where any steel joist specified in subsections (h)(3)(B)
and (h)(4)(A), (h)(4)(B), and (h)(4)(C) of this section is a bottom chord bearing
joist, a row of bolted diagonal bridging shall be provided near the support(s).
This bridging shall be installed and anchored before the hoisting cable(s) is
released.
(F) When bolted diagonal erection bridging is required by this
section, the following shall apply:
1. The bridging shall be indicated
on the erection drawing;
2. The erection drawing shall be the exclusive
indicator of the proper placement of this bridging;
3. Shop-installed
bridging clips, or functional equivalents, shall be used where the bridging bolts
to the steel joists;
4. When two pieces of bridging are attached to the
steel joist by a common bolt, the nut that secures the first piece of bridging
shall not be removed from the bolt for the attachment of the second; and
5. Bridging attachments shall not protrude above the top chord of the steel joist.
(5) Landing and placing loads.
(A) During the construction period,
the employer placing a load on steel joists shall ensure that the load is distributed
so as not to exceed the carrying capacity of any steel joist.
(B) Except
for subsection (h)(5)(D) of this section, no construction loads are allowed on
the steel joists until all bridging is installed and anchored and all joist-bearing
ends are attached.
(C) The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall
not exceed a total of 1,000 pounds (454 kg). A bundle of joist bridging shall
be placed on a minimum of three steel joists that are secured at one end. The
edge of the bridging bundle shall be positioned within 1 foot (.30 m) of the secured
end.
(D) No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all
bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends attached,
unless all of the following conditions are met:
1. The employer has first
determined from a qualified person and documented in a site-specific erection
plan that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the
load;
2. The bundle of decking is placed on a minimum of three steel
joists;
3. The joists supporting the bundle of decking are attached at
both ends;
4. At least one row of bridging is installed and anchored;
5. The total weight of the bundle of decking does not exceed 4,000 pounds
(1816 kg); and
6. The edge of the construction load shall be placed within
1 foot (.30 m) of the bearing surface of the joist end.
(i) Systems-engineered
metal buildings.
(1) All of the requirements of this section apply to
the erection of systems-engineered metal buildings except subsection (f) (column
anchorage) and subsection (h) (open web steel joists).
(2) Each structural
column shall be anchored by a minimum of four anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(3) Rigid frames shall have 50 percent of their bolts or the number of bolts
specified by the manufacturer (whichever is greater) installed and tightened on
both sides of the web adjacent to each flange before the hoisting equipment is
released.
(4) Construction loads shall not be placed on any structural
steel framework unless such framework is safely bolted, welded or otherwise adequately
secured.
(5) In girt and eave strut-to-frame connections, when girts
or eave struts share common connection holes, at least one bolt with its wrench-tight
nut shall remain connected to the first member unless a manufacturer-supplied,
field-attached seat or similar connection device is present to secure the first
member so that the girt or eave strut is always secured against displacement.
(6) Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be fully bolted
and/or welded to the support structure before:
(A) Releasing the hoisting
cables;
(B) Allowing an employee on the joists; or
(C) Allowing
any construction loads on the joists.
(7) Purlins may only be used as
a walking/working surface when installing safety systems, after all permanent
bridging has been installed and fall protection is provided.
(8) Construction
loads may be placed only within a zone that is within 8 feet (2.5 m) of the center-line
of the primary support member.
(j) Falling object protection.
(1) Securing loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and tools, which are
not in use while aloft, shall be secured against accidental displacement.
(2) Protection from falling objects other than materials being hoisted. The
controlling contractor shall bar other construction processes below steel erection
unless overhead protection for the employees below is provided.
(k) Permanent
Flooring -Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings.
(1) The permanent
floors shall be installed as the erection of structural members progresses, and
there shall be not more than eight stories between the erection floor and the
uppermost permanent floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained
as a result of the design.
(2) At no time shall there be more than four
floors or 48 feet of unfinished bolting or welding above the foundation or uppermost
permanently secured floor.
(l) Temporary Flooring -Skeleton Steel Construction
in Multistory Buildings.
(1) The derrick or erection floor shall be solidly
planked or decked except for access openings. Planking or decking of equivalent
strength, shall be of proper thickness to carry the working load. Planking shall
be not less than 2 inches thick full size undressed, and shall be laid tight.
Both planking and decking shall be secured.
(2) On buildings or structures
not adaptable to temporary floors, and where scaffolds or approved fall protection
is not used, safety nets shall be installed and maintained whenever the potential
fall distance exceeds two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less.
(3)
The exposed edges of all temporary planked and metal decked floors at the periphery
of the building, or at interior openings, such as stairways and elevator shafts
shall be protected by a single 3/8-inch minimum diameter wire rope of 13,500 pounds
minimum breaking strength located between 42 and 45 inches above design finish
floor height. Other guardrail protection may be used if equal fall protection
is provided. Note: If the periphery fall protection is intended to be used as
a catenary line, it shall meet the provisions of Section 1710(m)(4).
(4) Midrail protection.
(A) Midrail protection shall be installed as
soon as the metal decking has been installed; and
(B) Shall be installed
prior to the decked area being used by trades other than the steel erector or
decking crew.
(5) Framed metal deck openings shall have structural members
turned down to allow continuous deck installation except where not allowed by
structural design constraints or constructibility.
(6) Metal decking
holes and openings shall not be cut until immediately prior to being permanently
filled with the equipment or structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific
use and which meets the strength requirements of Section 1632(b) of these orders,
or shall be immediately covered.
(7) Where skeleton steel is being erected,
a tightly planked and substantial floor shall be maintained within two stories
or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under that portion of each tier
of beams on which any work is being performed. Note: Where a planked floor is
not practical, subsection (l)(2) of this section applies.
(A) When gathering
and stacking temporary floor planks, the planks shall be removed successively,
working toward the last panel of the temporary floor so that the work is always
done from the planked floor.
(B) When gathering and stacking temporary
floor planks from the last panel, the employees assigned to such work shall be
protected by an approved personal fall protection system attached to a catenary
line or other substantial anchorage.
(m) Working and Traveling on the
Skeleton Steel of Multistory Buildings or Structures.
(1) Connecting.
(A) When connecting beams or other structural members at the periphery or
interior of a building or structure where the fall distance is greater than two
stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, iron workers shall be provided with and
use a personal fall protection system as described in Article 24 tied-off to either
columns, pendant lines secured at the tops of columns, catenary lines, or other
secure anchorage points.
(B) At heights over 15 and up to 30 feet above
a lower level, connectors shall be provided with a personal fall arrest system,
positioning device system or fall restraint system and wear the equipment necessary
to be able to be tied off; or be provided with other means of protection from
fall hazards in accordance with subsection (m). NOTE:For fall protection requirements
associated with work above reinforcing steel and similar projections, see Section
1712 of the Construction Safety Orders.
(C) Shinning of Columns.
1. When connecting beams or other structural members at columns the practice
of shinning (vertically climbing up or down) columns to access workpoints shall
be permitted where the fall distance does not exceed two stories or 30 feet, whichever
is less.
2. Where the fall distance exceeds two stories or 30 feet, whichever
is less, iron workers shall be provided with and use a personal fall protection
system as described in Article 24 tied-off to either columns, pendant lines secured
at the tops of columns, catenary lines, or other secure anchorage points.
(2) Work Other Than Connecting.
When performing any other work at
a work point, iron workers shall be provided with and use personal fall protection
as described in Article 24 where the fall distance is greater than 15 feet.
(3) Traveling at Periphery or Interior of Building.
(A) When moving
from work point to work point or releasing slings, and the fall distance is greater
than 30 feet or two stories, whichever is less, connectors:
1. Shall
coon or walk the bottom flange (inside flange of peripheral beams);
2.
May walk the top surface of securely landed decking bundles; or
3. May
walk the top flange if they are tied-off to catenary lines or use other fall protection
in accordance with Article 24.
(B) When moving from work point to work
point or releasing slings, and the fall distance is greater than 15 feet for other
than connecting, iron workers:
1. Shall coon or walk the bottom flange
(inside flange of peripheral beams);
2. May walk the top surface of securely
landed decking bundles; or
3. May walk the top flange if they are tied-off
to catenary lines or use other fall protection in accordance with Article 24.
(4) Pendant lines, catenary lines and other lines used to secure workers
shall be used in accordance with the Construction Safety Orders, Section 1670.
(5) If the procedure specified in subsection (m)(1) above is impractical,
perimeter safety nets shall be installed at a distance of no more than 25 feet
below the work surface and extend at least 8 feet beyond the perimeter of the
building or structure. Nets shall meet the requirements set forth in accordance
with Section 1671.
(n) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A CDZ is an area
established specifically for the initial placement and securing of metal decking
where access to the area is restricted and work may take place without the use
of a personal fall protection system.
(1) A controlled decking zone is
permitted only in that area of the structure over 15 feet and up to 30 feet above
a lower level when it can be shown that the use of a personal fall protection
system is impractical or creates a greater hazard.
(2) The CDZ shall
be limited to that area where metal decking is initially being installed and forms
the leading edge work.
(3) The implementation of a CDZ shall be under
the supervision of a competent person.
(4) The employer shall document
the reasons why the use of conventional fall protection systems (guardrails, personal
fall arrest systems, positioning device systems, fall restraint systems or safety
nets) are infeasible or why their use would create a greater hazard.
(A) The name or other method of identification for each employee (e.g., job title)
who is designated to work in the CDZ must be documented.
(B) The documentation
required by this subsection shall be in writing and shall be available at the
job site.
(5) Where a CDZ is being used, the employer shall assure that
a safety monitoring system is provided and shall designate a competent person
to monitor the safety of employees within the CDZ. The safety monitor shall comply
with the following requirements:
(A) The safety monitor shall be competent
to recognize fall hazards;
(B) The safety monitor shall warn the employee
when it appears that the employee is unaware of a fall hazard or is acting in
an unsafe manner;
(C) The safety monitor shall be within visual sighting
distance of the employee;
(D) The safety monitor shall be close enough
to communicate orally with the employee;
(E) The safety monitor shall
not have other responsibilities which could take the monitor's attention from
the monitoring function; and
(F) The safety monitor shall not be located
within the CDZ.
(6) In each CDZ, the following shall apply:
(A) Each employee working within a CDZ shall be protected from fall hazards greater
than two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, by the use of a personal fall
protection system.
(B) Access to a CDZ shall be limited to only those
employees engaged in leading edge work.
(C) The boundaries of a CDZ shall
be designated and clearly marked. The CDZ shall be defined by a control line or
by any equivalent means that restrict access.
1. Control lines shall
meet the requirements of Section 1671.2(a)(4) through (a)(6).
2. When
control lines or equivalent means are used, they shall be erected not less than
6 feet from the unprotected leading edge.
3. The CDZ shall not be more
than 90 feet wide and 90 feet deep from any leading edge.
4. Signs meeting
the requirements of the General Industry Safety Orders, Section 3340 shall be
posted to warn unauthorized persons to stay out of the CDZ.
(7) Safety
deck attachments shall be performed in the CDZ from the leading edge back to the
control line and shall have at least two attachments for each metal decking panel.
The area of decking without completed safety deck attachments shall not exceed
3000 square feet.
(8) Final deck attachments, installation of shear connectors,
and flashing shall not be performed in the CDZ.
(9) Where a CDZ is being
used, the employer shall assure that each affected employee has been provided
training in accordance with subsection (q)(3)(C) of this section.
(o)
Custody of guardrail systems. Wire rope or other guardrail protection provided
by the steel erector shall remain in the area where steel erection activity has
been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling contractor
or its authorized representative:
(1) Has directed the steel erector
to leave the wire rope or other guardrail protection in place; and
(2)
Has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the wire rope or other
guardrail protection prior to authorizing persons other than steel erectors
to work in the area.
(p) Smoke dome or skylight fixtures that have been
installed, are not considered covers for the purpose of this section unless they
meet the strength requirements of Section 1632(b) of these orders.
(q)
Training.
The following provisions supplement the requirements of Section
1509 "Injury and Illness Prevention Program" regarding the hazards associated
with structural steel erection.
(1) Training personnel. Training required
by this section shall be provided by a qualified person(s).
(2) Fall
hazard training. The employer shall provide a training program for all employees
exposed to fall hazards. The program shall include training and instruction in
the following areas:
(A) The recognition and identification of fall hazards
in the work area;
(B) The use and operation of guardrail systems (including
perimeter safety cable systems), personal fall arrest systems, positioning device
systems, fall restraint systems, safety net systems, and other protection to be
used;
(C) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling,
and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used;
(D) The procedures
to be followed to prevent falls to lower levels and through or into holes and
openings in walking/working surfaces and walls; and
(E) The fall protection
requirements for structural steel erection.
(3) Special training programs.
In addition to the training required in subsections (q)(1) and (q)(2) of this
section, the employer shall provide special training to employees engaged in the
following activities.
(A) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The employer
shall ensure that each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has been provided
training in the hazards associated with multiple lifts including the following
areas:
1. The proper inspection and removal of hoisting slings, eye-hooks
and other rigging components used in multiple lift rigging.
2. Procedures
for determining the proper sling length for structural members.
3. The
use of rated load charts and capacities for manufactured rigging equipment.
4. The design and use of manufactured rigging assemblies.
5. Proper
rigging techniques to maintain a distance of 7 feet between structural members
being hoisted.
6. Instruction that no more than 5 structural members
can be hoisted per lift.
7. Proper techniques for rigging structural
members from the top down and setting structural members from the bottom up.
8. Procedures and techniques for rigging structural members at the center
of gravity.
9. Procedures to ensure that no crane is used for multiple
lifts that violates the crane manufacturer's specifications.
10. Procedures
to ensure that no load exceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity for the hoisting
equipment as specified in the hoisting equipment load charts.
11. The
use of controlled load lowering on hoisting equipment used for multiple lifts.
12. Procedures for performing multiple lifts that are site-specific.
13. Procedures for preplanning overhead routes of suspended loads.
(B) Connector procedures. The employer shall ensure that each connector has been
provided training in the following areas:
1. The nature of the hazards
associated with connecting; and
2. Shinning of columns, access, proper
connecting techniques and work practices required by subsections (g)(4) and (m)
of this section.
(C) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures. Where CDZs are
being used, the employer shall assure that each employee has been provided training
in the following areas:
1. The nature of the hazards associated with
work within a controlled decking zone; and
2. The establishment of CDZs,
access, proper installation techniques and work practices required by subsection
(n) of this section.
<General Materials (GM) - References,
Annotations, or Tables>
8. Amendment of section heading, section and Note and new Appendices A and B
filed 5-1-2002; operative 5-1-2002. Submitted to OAL for printing only pursuant
to Labor Code section 142.3(a)(3) (Register 2002, No. 18).
9. Amendment of section and Appendix A heading and new Appendix C filed 7-3-
2003; operative 8-2-2003 (Register 2003, No. 27).
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